Introduction to English Phonetics
phoneme is the smallest unit of speech. Only 26 English letters, phonemes can be sent there 48. Vowel and consonant phonemes phonemes phonemes are divided into two.
pronunciation of vocal fold vibration, air exhaled through the mouth, when unimpeded, creating a voice called vowel phonemes. There are 20 vowels of English speech. Vowels are divided into vowels and diphthongs. Vowels in the pronunciation of lip and tongue position unchanged, such as [i:] [A:], etc.; diphthong contains two phonemes, vowel articulation by a vowel to another slide, such as [ai] [Eu] and so on. Vowels, the pronunciation according to the location can be divided into front vowels, the vowels and back vowels; can be divided by the length of long vowel sounds and short vowels.
whether or not vocal fold vibration, articulation exhaled air through the mouth or nose when subject to certain obstacles, such as the formation of voice consonants: as mine (I a) in the pronunciation of the letters m and n are the consonants. A total of 28 English consonants, consonant phonemes by vocal fold vibration and voiceless or voiced consonants are divided into a total of 10 consonant voicing on such as [p] and [b]; by different methods can be divided into plosive sounds , fricatives, affricate, nasal, lingual tone and semi-vowel.
2, phonetic
the same letter (or letter combinations) in different words can be made of different sounds, and different letters (or letter combinations) may have the same pronunciation, even in some of the letters in some words are not pronounced; so we can not pronounce the letter to indicate: that there is a marked English pronunciation symbols, that is, phonetics. Mastered the IPA, a note for any word on the subject of sound, we can accurately read out. Most phonetic English lowercase letters with the same or similar shape, so the pronunciation is usually [] or / / to mark, to distinguish the letters.
3, the International Phonetic Alphabet classification
country
International
sound
Standard
vowel
unit sound
before the vowel [i:] [i] [e] [Q]
in the vowel [V] [ E:] [E]
back vowel [A:] [O:] [O] [u:] [u]
diphthong
[ei] [Eu] [ai] [au] [Oi] [ iE] [CE] [uE]
consonant
voiceless
[p] [t] [k] [f] [T] [s] [S] [tS] [ts] [tr]
voiced consonants
< P style = "TEXT-INDENT: 2em;"> [b] [d] [g] [v] [D] [z] [Z] [dZ] [dz] [dr]
nasal
[m] [n] [N]
other consonants
[h] [r] [l]
semi-vowel
[j] [w]
4, letters and phonetic
letter is written in the language forms. Learning English pronunciation, we must understand the English alphabet, phonemes, syllables and pronunciation rules. A total of 26 English letters, and there are 48 phonemes, letters, less than the phoneme, which shows a letter and sometimes there are several readings. In particular, only five vowel letters, they can send 20 phonemes.
letters in different words what the voice in the development, with few exceptions, is there is a pattern, these laws is the “rules of pronunciation.”
l easy to remember the pronunciation of consonants law
From the above table we can see in the English alphabet in square brackets directly on the IPA has become 17, so as long as we master the 11 consonants in the phonetic symbols, you can do to all the control. They are all consonant phonemes issued letter combinations:
sh = [S] ch = [tS] su = [Z] ge = [dZ] th = [ T] th = [D]
ng = [N] tr = [tr] dr = [dr] ts = [ts] ds = [dz] < br />
pronunciation of consonants phonemes relatively simple, but how to spell each letter, especially combined with a vowel pronunciation different changes will occur . Are listed in alphabetical order are as follows:
1, b is generally read as consonants [b]. For example, bad [bQd], babe [beib], b in the same syllable in the consonants m, or after consonants before t is not the word pronunciation. For example, climb [klaim], debt [det]
2, c is not consonant phonetic symbols for the letter c in addition to e, i, Y, or anything other than h before or ending consonant letters are pronounced [k]. For example, cat [kQt] (cat), fact [fQkt] (the fact), cock [kOk) (rooster), picnic [ iknik] (picnic). And c in e, i, Y before the read [s], such as centre [ entE] (center), city [ siti] (urban), fancy [ Qnsi] (fantasy). Consonant letters c and h combined into a general read ch [tS], and sometimes read as [S], [tS] or [k]. For example, much [mAtS] (and more), machine [mE i: n] (the machine), chemistry [ Qmistri] (chemistry), etc.
3, is generally read as consonants d [d]. For example, do [du:] (do), deed [di: d] (behavior), while d in i sometimes read as before [dZ], such as soldier [ EuldZE] (soldiers). Consonants d and n in-dge before and after the non-pronunciation, such as bridge [bridZ] (Bridge), handsome [ QnsEm] (handsome), grandma [ grQnmE] (grandmother), Wednesday [ enzdi] (Wednesday), handkerchief [ QNkEtSif] (handkerchief).
4, is generally read as consonants f (f), such as film [film] (movie), beef [bi: f] (beef). And when read in light of its reading of preposition relative voiced consonants of [Ev ](… ).
5, read as consonants g [g] or [dZ]. Such as gay [gei] (happy), gold [gEuld] (gold), gun [gVn] (gun). g in e, i, y in front of the general read as [dZ], for example, gem [dZem] (gems), giant [ ZaiEnt] (Giants), gypsy [ dZipsi] (Gypsy, Rangers). However, get, give still read [g].
6, h consonants before the vowel is generally read [h], such as hen [hen] (hen). But in the letter r, x and after our, on the pronunciation is not before, such as exhibition [eksi iSEn] (exhibition), rheummatism [ u: mEtizEm] (rheumatism), hour [ auE] (h), honour [ OnE] (Honours).
7, is generally read as consonants j [dZ], such as jar [dZA:] (bottle), joy [dZOi] (happy).
8, k is generally read as consonants [k], for example, key [kei] (key), cake [keik] (cake). Words beginning with kn k is not pronounced, such as knife [naif] (knife), know [nEu] (know).
9, is generally read as consonants l [l], such as love [lVv] (love), level [ evl] (level). General reading of the letter combinations al [O:], but there are exceptions. folk [fEuk], half [hA: f].
10, m read as consonants [m], for example, man, member, name,
11, n is generally read as consonants [n], such as nice, nine. The letter n in k, g before the time for [N], for example, think, ink, sing, song.
12, p is generally read as consonants [p], such as pig, page. Combination of letters ph read as [f], such as photo, philosopher [fi OsEfE] (philosopher).
13, consonants, not as phonetic, q, and together constitute the letter u qu, pronounced [kw], for example, to the queen, question, quite.
14, r the reasons before consonants pronounced [r], such as run, red, rose, remember. R can be a lot of letters and letter combinations constitute vowel (vowel, also known as r-syllable).
15, s in the word at the beginning consonants and voiceless factors behind the general read [s], such as sun, ask, hats, books.
su read in the weak syllable [Z], for example, usually, pleasure.
letter combinations sh read as [S], such as English, sharp.
16, t read as consonants [t], such as team, ten, title. Read the letter combination th [T] or [D], for example three, mother, mouth, with. Tion read as letter combinations [SEn] or [tSEn], such as invention, question.
17, generally read as consonants v [v], for example, very, five.
18, consonants x, not as phonetic, generally pronounced [ks] or [gz], such as box, exercise; exact [ig Qkt], exist [ig ist].
19, generally read as consonants z [z], such as zero, lazy.
20, consonants w, read before the vowel [w], such as we, wave. Pronunciation of the letter r is not in front. For example, write, wrong.
21, consonants y, usually beginning in the word read as [j], for example, yes, year, young, you. In the end of the word read as [ai] or [i], for example, shy, sky, city, baby, lady.
l consonant phonemes practice
1, [p]
※ fat [p] sound of letters and letter combinations
p: pen picture pretty pain paper ship step parent piece
pp: apple happy pepper grapple
※ read words
pig picture apple people top hope up replace jump rope happy person pink paper the top prize
※ practice sentences
I put the book on the CD player. I put the book on top of a CD player.
They had planned to plant some trees in the park. they intend to plant trees in the park.
Plenty of people are coming to this place. Many people in the future this place.
Please open the packet for Peter pet pig. please to Peter pet pig open pockets.
Practice makes perfect. Practice makes perfect.
Please try to make the impossible possible. Please try the impossible becomes possible.
2, [b]
※ hair [b] sound of letters and letter combinations
※ b: big bet cab table
bb: cabbage rabbit rabble rubber
※ read words
book bike rubber rabbit web basketball bad problem black beer
a bad job a bank robber a shabby book
※ practice sentences
The rubber ball is on the table. like a ball on the table.
The boys hide behind the fence. boys are hiding behind the fence.
Better to be too early than to be too late. better late than too early.
Bill is beating a big beast with his big fist. Bill is playing with his big fist that hit animals.
Bring back your beautiful blue bike. to put your bike to get back the beautiful blue bike.
Working in a big bank is not a bad job. is to work in the big banks were good job.
3, [t]
※ fat [t] sound of letters and letter combinations
t: tall time fat sport
tt: little written bottle twitter
ed: worked jumped washed liked
※ read words
town talk fatal steak butter but fit boat goat
take a rest fat and tall a beautiful tale table tennis
※ read the sentence
Tom and Ted are taller than their parents. Tom and Ted higher than their parents.
He is too young to tell the time. He is too small will not recognize the time.
What a terrible T-shirt is that for little Timmy. Timmy T-shirts to small ugly.
Don tell Tony that his cat is beaten by Tim. Do not tell Tony his cat was hit Tim.
It just a waste of time. This is all a waste of time.
What the date today? the date today?
4, [d]
※ fat [d] sound of letters and letter combinations
d: dog pod card dye
dd: middle daddy shoddy add
※ read words
day duty radio today food read dish badly
a cold day dance all day bad friend dog food
※ practice sentences
A friend in need is a friend indeed. trouble a friend is a true friend.
The child hid himself under the bed. that the child hiding under the bed.
Don ride your old bike on this road. Do not play this way you have a broken bike.
My daddy doesn find his old duck until he walks to the pound.
My father has come to the pond to find his old duck.
The doctor has a deaf daughter. the doctor has a deaf daughter.
A good beginning makes a good ending. good start to hospice.
5, [k]
※ fat [k] sound of letters and letter combinations
c: can cry music cute
k: lake kind seek bake
ck: kick back chick truck
cc: account occupy according occasion
ch: Christmas school ach chemistry
※ read the word
come because kite walking chick black school Christmas
catch a cold make a cake take a look a sick cook
※ practice sentences
The cook is baking a cake. cooks are baking cakes.
Take good care of my kid Kitty cat. look after my daughter kitten.
Eat the chicken and put your books in your basket. eat the chicken, the book go into the basket.
We came back to camp in the park. We walked back to camp from the park.
The floor is covered with a carpet. carpeted floor.
A cat can look at the king. little people have rights.
6, [g]
※ fat [g] sound of letters and letter combinations
g: good dog again game
gg: giggle beginning baggage egg
gu: guess guard penguin
gue: dialogue vague league colleague
※ read words
good bag grandma again gate angry figure rug
great guest good girl green grass game begin
※ training sentence
Ann younger sister is angry with her grandpa. On her grandfather sister raw gas.
A good beginning makes a good ending. good start to hospice.
Give the big dog a box of big bones. to the big box of dog bones.
Mr Green gives the grey shirt to the good guy. Mr. Green to the good guy a gray shirt.
I agree with the girl on going there by that green bus.
I agree that girl opinion, the bus ride that bike to go green.
His granddaughter is as good as gold. his granddaughter as gold is generally good.
7, [f]
※ fat [f] sound of letters and letter combinations
f: fat face knife life
ph: photo nephew dolphin phone
gh: enough cough rough laugh
ff: stiff coffee cuff staff
※ read words
face knife after if photo nephew enough rough
fresh fish forest fire five friends fair face
※ training sentence < br />
Fanny cut a loaf with a fine knife. Ruud van Nistelrooy with a sharp knife a half of bread.
Five dolphins swims to find their fat mother for a few days.
5 dolphins flying a few days to find their fat mother.
Fred refused to accept his final defeat. Fred refused to accept the final failure.
Philip will be free after four o lock in the afternoon. Philip had leisure after 4 pm.
I would prefer a face-to-face talk with my friends. I prefer to talk face to face with friends.
Here a photo of me, feeding food to an elephant. This is one of my photos elephant feeding.
8, [v]
※ fat [v] sound of letters and letter combinations
v: vote seven drive very
※ read words
view vocation drive move have vast leave
lovely view active voice very rainy have a fever
※ practice sentences
She never been very clever. She has been so stupid.
The heavy waves overturned the small vessel. big waves overturned the boat.
David loves his wife very much because she gives him a vest.
very much loved his wife, because she bought him a vest.
Five vivid pictures are on the brave man sleeve. that the Warriors have five sleeves vivid picture.
He has a very high fever. his high fever.
He invited you to visit at five past eleven. He visits you in 11:05.
9, [s]
※ send [s] sound of letters and letter combinations
s: seven maths six sleep
c: face pencil lace ice
sc: science scent scissors scene
ss: miss kiss discuss pass
※ read words
sorry sing first maths face cent class grass
lose one sight a simple question a nice song sing a song
※ practice sentences
My sister likes all sorts of stamps and some seafoods. my sister like all kinds of stamps and some seafood.
Susan made a silly mistake. Susan made a stupid mistake.
Face to your exercises and drink up your juice at once.
facing you. exercise, drinking fruit juice immediately.
These boys miss the famous sports star. These boys miss the famous sports stars.
Speak less and listen more. less and listen more.
A still tongue makes a wise head. the wise man of few words.
10, [z]
※ fat [z] sounds of letters and letter combinations
z: zoo zero lazy zest
s: use music busy eraser
※ read words
zero magazine zip use nose music schools eraser
these days jazz music busy user lazy husband
※ practice sentences
He gave me his zipcode and music magazine. He gave me his PC and music magazines.
His arms are used to rising. He likes to lift the arm.
Pass me your eraser to make the board clean. handed me your eraser, I clean the blackboard.
He always busy with his roses and his bees. He was always busy with his roses and bees.
Use the scissors to cut the newspaper. cut paper with scissors.
Susan is busy in reading magazines. Susan was busy reading a magazine.
11, [T]
※ hair [T] tone of the letters and letter combinations
th: think mouth three bath
※ read words
thank three birthday bath thumb month youth
three thousand the fifth birthday from month to month thirty months
※ practice sentences
Something is better than nothing. is better than nothing.
Cathy looks thin this month. Kaiser this month seems thin.
Anything worth doing at all is worth doing thoroughly. to do it the best.
Please think about your teeth when you see birthday cake.
When you see the cake Imagine your teeth.
Wish you both health and wealth. I wish you good health, plenty of money.
The rumor passed from mouth to mouth. dazzling spread like wildfire.
12, [D]
※ fat [D] tone of the letters and letter combinations
th: they with there father
※ read words
them breathe though within leather father clothes father and moher their brother
these clothes gather together
※ practice sentences
That girl is playing with a smooth mirror. the girl playing the smooth side of the mirror.
My mother stands well with my father. My mom and dad get along very well.
It is difficult for them to breathe in such cold weather.
for them in such a cold weather breathing is extremely difficult.
His other brother is talking with his mother. His other brothers are, and his mother speak.
This is smoother than that. The smooth than that.
Both of them are healthy. They were both healthy.
13, [S]
※ fat [S] tone of the letters and letter combinations
s: sure sugar
sh: ship short show fish
ss: pressure Russia mission session
※ read words
she ocean finish sure sugar shout cash shy
a shit shop shell show a short vacation wash the sheep
※ practice sentences
She should spend her vacation at the season. In this holiday season, she should.
I wish I would have a pair of shoes. I want to have a pair of shoes.
She sells sea shells on the seashore. she bought in the sea shells.
Shall I show you the shop for shoes and shirts.
I need to take you buy and look at that shirt store?
She is not sure about her decision. her own decision is not quite sure.
The shirt will shrink after you wash them. This shirt will shrink after washed.
14, [Z]
※ fat [Z] sound of letters and letter combinations
s (u, i): usual usually measure pleasure leisure revision television (TV )
※ read words
usually decision television division confusion
a visual treasure the usual occasion measure with pleasure an unusual occasion
※ practice sentences
It my pleasure to measure the table. I am very happy to the amount of that table.
Turn down the television, don listen to the explosion. the TV sound off small, do not listen to explosions.
He loves treasure and wants to get all of them in the future.
he loves treasure, and hope to get all the treasure.
I usually wear casual dresses in the garage. in the garage I usually wear casual clothes.
Measure for measure. tit for tat.
They occasionally watch television for pleasure. they occasionally watch TV entertainment.
15, [r]
※ fat [r] sound of letters and letter combinations
r: road red rose grass
rr: tomorrow arrive barrel mirror (a barrel of beer barrel beer)
wr: wrong write wrap wrinkle
< P style = "TEXT-INDENT: 2em;"> ※ read words
right rain fry great fear near cross
a rapid current brown bread red rose raw material
※ practice sentences
Rose is afraid of crossing the river. Ross afraid to cross the river.
The boss rejects to reduce the book price. the boss refused to lower the prices of textbooks.
You need much practice in reading and writing. you need to increase reading and writing exercises.
That rich man can catch the red toy rat. the rich man unable to grasp that the red toy mouse.
Do in Rome as Romans do. Romans.
The store is just around the corner. Upon receipt of the corner store.
16, [h]
※ fat [h] sound of letters and letter combinations
h: hero hello hole hear
wh: who whose whole whom
※ read words
hello ham have who whom high hate help
a high hill behind the house a half hour a hard heart
※ practice sentences
There was a huge hole in the end of Harry stocking.
Harry sock heel has a big hole.
When he does his homework, his brother often helps him.
in his homework When his brother often helped him.
It very hard to use his hammer to hit the ham. ham is difficult to hit with a hammer to drop.
Her new home is on the high hill. her new home in the mountains.
Does he have any hope? he still hope?
Her husband has a huge house. Her husband has a big house.
17, [tS]
※ fat [tS] sound of letters and letter combinations
ch: chair rich child teacher
